Genetic diversity of Macroptilium accessions considering the increase in air temperature

Climate changes can influence the genetic diversity of forage plants, which may contribute to the improvement and development of new species. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature increase on the genetic diversity of Macroptilium accessions based on morphoagronomic descriptors. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber in a 2×16 factorial arrangement (temperature regimes x Macroptilium accessions), with the temperatures consisting of T1 (20­26­33 °C) and T2 (24.8­30.8­37.8 °C) and 16 accessions. Eleven morphoagronomic descriptors allowed estimating the diversity among accessions. The measurements of genetic dissimilarity enabled us to observe the genetic distance between the studied materials, standing out the accessions T1.M3 and T2.S4 as the most divergent (446.01). The morphoagronomic descriptors percentage of leaves and stem diameter were the most efficient for estimating the diversity between access. Genetic variability points to the adaptation of Macroptilium accessions in the climate change scenario. The accessions more divergent can be explored in genetic breeding programs for the species aiming at the expansion of genetic variability as an adaptation mechanism to heat stress.

Fermentative losses and lactic acid content of elephant grass silages added with macaúba cake

Elephant grass is indicated for silage production but requires additives to increase dry matter content because it reduces the production of effluents, potentially improves the fermentation pattern, and preserves the nutrients of the silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of including macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage on dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, lactic acid production, pH values, losses by gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, with three levels of inclusion of macaúba cake (0, 10, and 20%) and six opening times (1, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 days after ensilage), with four repetitions. Macaúba cake was an effective moisture-absorbing additive, increasing dry matter content, lactic acid bacteria population, and lactic acid content and reducing the pH. The losses by effluents and gases decreased, and dry matter recovery increased with the addition of this biodiesel co-product. The 20% level of inclusion of macaúba cake in elephant grass ensilage allowed for better preserving the ensiled material.

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed in Colombia / Prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en los alimentos para animales en Colombia / Prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonella spp. em ração animal na Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de piensos para animales tomadas entre el 2018 y el 2021 en Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el laboratorio a partir de los datos regulares del programa de inspección, vigilancia y control de alimentos para animales del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se procesaron muestras de alimentos utilizados en la cría de cerdos, aves de corral, cánidos, félidos, lepóridos, peces y equinos con el fin de detectar E. coli y Salmonella spp. por medio de métodos de enriquecimiento y cultivo selectivo. Se analizó la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas aisladas mediante microdilución automatizada. Resultados. De 1748 muestras de alimentos analizadas, 83 (4,7%) resultaron positivas para E. coli y 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. La presencia de E. coli y Salmonella spp. fue mayor en los alimentos para aves de corral (6,4% y 5,5%) y cerdos (6,1% y 4,3%). Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en 27 (33%) cepas de E. coli y 26 (39%) de Salmonella. En las cepas de E. coli, se observó una mayor resistencia a la ampicilina (44,5%), seguida de la resistencia a la cefazolina (33,3%), la ciprofloxacina (29,6%), la ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) y la ceftriaxona (11,1%). En el caso de las cepas de Salmonella spp., los niveles de resistencia más elevados fueron para la cefazolina (7,7%) y piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Colombia en el que se informa sobre la prevalencia y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos de E. coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de alimentos para animales. Sus resultados establecen una línea de base para una zona geográfica mucho mayor dentro de Colombia. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los alimentos para animales debido a la aparición de bacterias resistentes en esta importante etapa de la cadena de suministro.

RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e a resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonela spp. em amostras de ração animal coletadas entre 2018 e 2021 na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal de base laboratorial, usando dados de rotina do programa de inspeção, vigilância e controle de ração animal do Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura. Amostras de ração animal para as espécies suína, avícola, canina, felina, leporina, piscina e equina foram processadas para detecção de E. coli e Salmonella spp., usando métodos de enriquecimento e cultura seletiva. Os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos usando um método automatizado de microdiluição. Resultados. Das 1.748 amostras de ração animal analisadas, 83 (4,7%) foram positivas para E. coli e 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. A presença de E. coli e Salmonella spp. foi maior em rações para aves (6,4% e 5,5%) e suínos (6,1% e 4,3%). O teste de resistência a antimicrobianos foi realizado em 27 (33%) isolados de E. coli e 26 (39%) isolados de Salmonella. Em E. coli, a resistência observada com maior frequência foi à ampicilina (44,5%), seguida da cefazolina (33,3%), ciprofloxacino (29,6%), ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) e ceftriaxona (11,1%). Os maiores níveis de resistência em isolados de Salmonella spp. foram contra cefazolina (7,7%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusões. Este é o primeiro estudo da Colômbia a notificar a prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli e Salmonella spp. em amostras de ração animal. Os resultados estabelecem uma linha de base com ampla distribuição geográfica na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de integrar a vigilância da resistência a antimicrobianos na ração animal, devido ao surgimento de bactérias resistentes nesta importante etapa da cadeia de abastecimento.

Opinion on the Safety of BioProtein® by the Scientific Panel on Animal Feed of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

BioProtein® (BP) is a trademark for single cell (bacteria) protein, based on conversion of methane, with the addition of ammonia and oxygen, to a protein source. BP is produced by Norferm AS in Norway, and has been authorized by the EU as a protein source in animal feeds since 1995, for fattening pigs (8%), calves (8%) and salmon (19-33%). Significant immune effects were revealed in a toxicity study performed in rats fed a nucleic acid reduced BP product (NABP) and thereafter, similar, but less severe effects were also found after feeding with untreated BP. Additional studies confirmed increased mesenteric lymph node weights in cats and foxes. Due to the undesirable effects and also due to applications for extended use, BP has been assessed by the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition (SCAN) and EU’s Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1995, by SCAN in 2001 and 2003 and by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2005. The EU memberstates United Kingdom, France and Finland have also conducted assessments. The EU approval from 1995 remains unchanged. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority requested the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) to assess the risk of using BP as a protein source in feedingstuffs, both for the animal categories already authorized and for extended use to pet animals, chickens and pigs from weaning to slaughter. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety was asked to consider all existing documentation. Based on all documentation enclosed with the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and published scientific articels, an opinion on the safety of BP assessed by the VKM panel on Animal Feed was published on 20 March 2006 (05/608-final-rev1). The Producer made a complaint regarding this opinion and claimed that not all documents on BP had been evaluated. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority then requested VKM to revise its opinion on the risk of using BP as a protein source in feedingstuffs, based on 17 documents previously not available to VKM, in addition to the 20 documents included in the opinion published on 20 March 2006. BP is composed of a protein with a somewhat different amino acid compostion compared with fish meal, but BP and fish meal have more similarities in amino acid content than soybean meal. BP has relatively high level of nucleic acids, phospholipids, lipopolysaccarides and minerals. Effect studies with BP have been conducted in rats/mice, pigs, chicken, cats, foxes, and salmon. Most of the concern regarding the side effects of BP in feed is related to the immune response. The main findings include changes in weight and morphology of mesenteric lymph nodes, followed by induction of specific antibodies. Histopathological examination after feeding with NABP also revealed changes in the intestines and several internal organs indicating systemic effects. The Producer claims that the immune response seen in BP-fed mice/rats is most likely a normal response to ingestion of large doses of a foreign antigen, and further, that oral tolerance towards this protein is induced over time. However, these interpretations are not adequately supported by the supplied documentation. A tendency towards adaption might be indicated in some of the studies, other results argue against tolerance induction. It is unclear whether the content of phospholipids, lipopolysaccarides, nucleic acids or the protein structure, or the combination of these compounds is responsible for the immunological changes observed. However, the particulate structure of BP has been shown to influence the observed immune response as the systemic immune response was avoided by ingestion of BP free of whole cells. The studies conducted in target species have not included adequate examinations of the immune effects from ingestion of BP. Concerning terrestrial species, no histopathological effects were revealed in the pig, chicken, cat or fox studies. However, increased mesenteric lymph nodes were reported in cats and foxes fed BP. In the remaining studies the main focus has been on production parameters; weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, metabolism of nutrients, observation of clinical health, and product quality. When the contents of amino acids were balanced, the inclusion of low levels of BP (9%) tended to stimulate growth in pigs and the same tendency was found in chicken with 6% BP. Higher feed levels of BP tended to cause a reduction in growth. In salmon, a dose dependent improvement of growth was reported in a short term experiment (8 weeks). However, in longer term experiments with salmon, depressed growth and increased liver weight were observed in freshwater at 19% BP with no-effect-level at 10%. In seawater studies, a tendency of reduced growth was found in salmon fed with 20% BP in the diet, and BP levels of 27% and higher levels resulted in significantly reduced body weight. Furthermore, levels of 27% BP and above in fish feed reduced specific immune responses, but increased lymphocyte response, and also tended to improve the survival after bacterial and viral infections. At 37% BP in the diet histopathological changes in the distal intestine, and reduced storage of glycogen and increased lipid deposition and liver weight were observed. No negative effects were seen in salmon in seawater at a feed level of 13.5% BP. The results indicate negative effects in salmon at BP levels in fish feed considerably lower than those currently approved (19 and 33%, in feed for salmon in fresh and sea water, respectively). To conclude, in terrestrial target species documented effects of BP include reduced weight gain and increased weight of mesenteric lymph nodes. In the more thoroughly studied species the rat, findings incluse histopathologic effects in mesenteric lymph nodes, changed humoral immune responses, increased weight of other lymphoid tissue (spleen), increased level of neutrophile granulocytes, and slight leakage of hepatic and renal tubuli enzymes. In terrestrial target species, 6% BP in the feed is considered to be the highest inclusion level not to cause such effects. The results from the rat studies show a similar no-effect-level. In salmon, reduced weight gain, liver storage effects, changed humoral and celluar immune responses and histopathological effects in the intestine are documented. A 10% level of BP in fish feed is the highest level tested without causing such effects. There are relatively few valid studies for the risk assessment of BP in target species, and the designs of the assessed studies are very variable. Thus, there are qualitative and quantitative uncertainties concerning the effects of BP in target species. The Panel on Animal Feed is of the opinion that an inclusion level of BP of 6% in the diets to terrestrial target animals and a 10% maximum inclusion level in salmon feed (both for fresh- and seawater stages) would reduce the risk of potentially adverse effects in the animals. The risk associated with the human consumption of products from animals fed on BP is considered negligible. However, the production of single cell protein for feed production represents a relatively new scientific approach which implies precautionary handling.

Colombian vs. American corn: Quality, chemical composition, mycotoxin content and metabolizable energy

Background: Corn is, quantitatively, one of the most important world crops (ranking second only after wheat) and a key ingredient in animal feeds. Objective: to assess and compare corn quality, mycotoxin content, chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of domestic and imported corn. Methods: Grain quality (USDA grading system) was determined in 30 samples of domestic and 21 samples of imported corn. From each origin, 15 samples were subjected to proximal analysis and 10 were used to determine fatty acid composition. Mycotoxin analysis was conducted on 30 samples of domestic and 23 of imported corn. Results: six of the 30 domestic samples corresponded to US1 grade (highest quality) vs. none of the imported. In the "sample grade" category (lowest quality), 10 and 6 samples corresponded to imported and domestic corn, respectively. Soybeans were found as contaminant in 15 of the 21 imported corn samples. Aspergillus spp. mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A were not detected, and aflatoxins were found in only a few samples at very low levels. Fusariotoxins such as deoxynivalenol and zearalenone were found in 61 and 43% of imported samples, respectively, but in none of the domestic samples. Domestic corn had lower carbohydrate content compared with imported corn (85.4 vs. 86.7%), but higher crude fat (3.8 vs. 3.1%). The AME values for domestic and imported corn were 3,697 and 3,378 kcal/kg, respectively. The fatty acid profiles from both corn types were similar. Conclusion: This study found significant differences between locally-grown and imported corn, particularly in terms of crude fat, AME content, fusariotoxins, and contaminant seeds (soybeans). These findings suggest that locally-grown corn might have nutritional and toxicological advantages over corn imported from the United States.

Antecedentes: El maíz es, cuantitativamente, uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial (ocupa el segundo lugar después del trigo) y uno de los principales ingredientes en dietas para animales. Objetivo: Evaluar y comparar la calidad del maíz, su contenido de micotoxinas, composición química, y energía metabolizable aparente (AME) del maíz nacional e importado. Métodos: La calidad del grano (sistema de clasificación de la USDA) se determinó en 30 muestras de maíz producido en Colombia y 21 de maíz importado. De cada origen, 15 muestras se sometieron a análisis proximal y 10 se analizaron para determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos. El contenido de micotoxinas se determinó en 30 muestras de maíz nacional y 23 de maíz importado. Resultados: Seis de las treinta muestras nacionales analizadas para calidad de grano correspondieron a grado US1 (la mejor calidad) frente a ninguna de las importadas. En categoría "grado muestra" (la menor calidad) se encontraron 10 y 6 de las muestras de maíz importado y nacional, respectivamente; 15 de las 21 muestras de maíz importado presentaron contaminación con semillas de fríjol soya. No se encontraron micotoxinas de hongos Aspergillus spp. (ocratoxina A), y niveles muy bajos de aflatoxinas en unas pocas muestras. Fusariotoxinas tales como deoxinivalenol y zearalenona se detectaron en el 61 y 43% de las muestras de maíz importado, respectivamente, pero en ninguna muestra de maíz nacional. El maíz nacional presentó menor contenido de carbohidratos (85,4 vs. 86,7%), pero mayor contenido de grasa cruda (3,8 vs. 3,1%) en comparación con el importado, respectivamente. Los valores de AME fueron de 3.697 y 3.378 kcal/kg para el maíz nacional e importado, respectivamente. El perfil de ácidos grasos de ambas procedencias fue similar. Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró diferencias significativas entre el maíz de producción nacional y el importado, en especial en su contenido de grasa cruda y AME, fusariotoxinas, y semillas contaminates (soya). Estos hallazgos sugieren que el maíz de producción nacional puede presentar ventajas de tipo nutricional y toxicológico frente al maíz importado de los Estados Unidos de América.

Antecedentes: O milho é quantitativamente uma das culturas mais importantes em nível mundial (ocupando o segundo lugar depois do trigo), sendo um dos principais ingredientes em dietas para animais. Objetivo: Avaliar e comparar a qualidade do milho, o teor de micotoxinas, a composição química e a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) do milho nacional e importado. Métodos: A qualidade do grão (sistema de classificação do USDA) foi determinada em 30 amostras de milho produzido na Colômbia e 21 amostras de milho importado. Quinze amostras de cada tipo de milho foram submetidas a análise proximal e dez amostras de cada milho foram analisadas para determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos. O conteúdo de micotoxinas foi determinado em 30 amostras de milho da Colômbia e em 23 amostras de milho importado. Resultados: Seis das trinta amostras colombianas analisadas para qualidade de grão corresponderam a grau US1 (melhor qualidade) frente a nenhuma das amostras importadas. Na categoria "grau amostra" (menor qualidade) foram encontradas 10 e 6 amostras de milhos importados e colombianos, respectivamente; Quinze das 21 amostras de milho importado apresentaram contaminação com sementes de feijão soja. Não foram encontradas micotoxinas de fungos Aspergillus spp. (ocratoxina A) ou apenas níveis muito baixos em poucas amostras (aflatoxinas). As fusariotoxinas, deoxinivalenol e zearalenona foram detectadas em 61 e 43% das amostras de milho importado, respectivamente, mas não foram detectadas em nenhuma amostra do milho colombiano. O milho colombiano apresentou menor conteúdo de carboidratos (85,4 vs. 86,7%) porém maior conteúdo de gordura crua (3,8 vs. 3,1%). Os valores de AME foram 3.697 e 3.378 kcal/kg para as amostras de milho colombiano e importado, respectivamente. O perfil de ácidos graxos de ambos tipos de milho foi similar. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente estudo mostram diferenças significativas entre o milho de origem colombiana e o milho importado dos Estados Unidos, em especial no conteúdo de gordura crua e AME, fusariotoxinas e sementes contaminantes (soja). Estes achados sugerem que o milho de produção colombiana pode apresentar vantagens de tipo nutricional e toxicológica frente ao milho importado dos Estados Unidos.

The use of the larvae of Zophobas morio and galleria mellonella in feeding growing pigs

Insects represent a promising alternative source to more expensive components of the feeding regimen of farm animals for meat production. With this aim in mind, we conducted this experiment to investigate the effects of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) and larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in growing piglets. A total of 27 crossbred piglets ((LWхL)хD), 39 days of age and 14.39±0.19 kg of body weight) were randomly divided into three groups (n=9 per group) based on gender and body weight. We substituted part of a fishmeal and a grain with 2.5% of dried larvae of darkling beetles (Zophobas morio L.) or with 3.0% of dried larvae of wax moths (Galleria mellonella L.). The replacement of fishmeal with insect biomass in the feeding regimen of the pigs did not change growth rate among groups and did not altered the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber (p ˃ 0.05). At the same time, the digestibility of the fat has increased in the experimental groups with dry larvae (p ≤ 0.05). Blood counts in all groups were within the physiological norm. As compared to control group, piglets of the experimental groups had an increase in bactericidal, lysozyme activity of the blood serum and phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Thus, supplementation of dry larvae of superworm or waxworm in the ration didn't affect negatively growth performance of experimental piglets while improving their parameters of non-specific immunity.

Antimicrobial resistance, diarrheagenic and avian pathogenic virulence genes in Escherichia coli from poultry feed and the ingredients / Resistência antimicrobiana, genes de virulência diarreiogênicos e patogênicos para aves em Escherichia coli isoladas de ingredientes e ração de frangos

Diarrheagenic (DEC) and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal infections (ExPEC), respectively. We aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility, gene encoding virulence factors associated to DEC and APEC, and phylogenetic classification in E. coli isolated from 320 samples of feed and ingredients. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method and Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index and Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were calculated. Phylogenetic classification was performed on samples harboring DEC and/or APEC virulence-associated genes. A total of 110 E. coli strains were isolated in 15% (49/320) of the evaluated inputs (n=13 vegetable meal; n=33 animal meal, n=3 feed). In general, the isolates showed the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance to sulfonamide and cefazolin and 18% (20/110) were multi-drug resistant. MAR index of feed samples was the highest (0.467). Six and five strains had APEC and DEC virulence-associated genes, respectively, and belonging to phylogenetic groups A and B1. These findings point to the need for strict microbiological control during the production process of these foods.(AU)

Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (DEC) e patogênicas para aves (APEC) são associadas a infecções intestinais e extraintestinais (ExPEC), respectivamente. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana, a presença de genes que codificam os fatores de virulência relacionados à DEC e APEC, e a classificação filogenética em E. coli isoladas de 320 amostras de ração para frangos e ingredientes. A sensibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método disco-difusão e calculou-se o índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA) e a resistência a múltiplas drogas (MDR). Nas amostras que possuíam genes de virulência relacionados à DEC e/ou APEC, foi realizada a classificação filogenética. Foram isoladas 110 amostras de E. coli em 15% (49/320) dos insumos avaliados (n=13 farelos vegetais; n=33 farinhas de origem animal; n=3 rações). De forma geral, os isolados apresentaram as maiores frequências de resistência antimicrobiana à sulfonamida e à cefazolina e 18% (20/110) foram resistentes a múltiplas drogas. O IRMA das rações foi o mais alto (0,467). Os genes que codificam fatores de virulência associados à APEC e DEC foram detectados em seis e cinco isolados, respectivamente, pertencentes aos grupos filogenéticos A e B1. Os resultados demonstram a necessidade de rigoroso controle microbiológico durante o processo de produção desses alimentos.(AU)

Main agents and contamination prevention in animal feed industry: review / Principais agentes envolvidos e formas de prevenção da contaminação na indústria de alimentação animal: revisão / Principales agentes involucrados y formas de prevención de la contaminación en la industria de alimentos para animales: revisión

The main physical, biological and chemical agents involved in cross-contamination are of known origin, generally harmful and toxic, which ends up making the individual have direct or indirect contact with the nutrients used in the manufacturing of animal feed. The knowledge of the causes, as well as their different forms of prevention and corrective actions, allow us to minimize losses in animal yield and possible extra costs in production due to the need to prevent the spread of pests and diseases to human health. Failure in monitoring the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) systems due to lack of trained personnel or bad structural conditions of the industry are the main causes of cross-contamination. In this sense, diagnosing risks and controlling critical points in the production process are essential tools. Thus, this review aims at emphasizing the main forms of cross-contamination in the animal feed industry and the care that must be taken at the factory to minimize cross-contamination.(AU)

Os principais agentes físicos, biológicos e químicos envolvidos na contaminação cruzada são de origem conhecida, geralmente nociva e tóxica, que acabam fazendo com o diretor contato indireto com os nutrientes utilizados na fabricação de alimentos para animais. O conhecimento das causas, formas diferenciadas de prevenção e ações corretivas, permite minimizar as perdas no desempenho animal e, possíveis custos extras de produção, pela necessidade de evitar a propagação de pragas e danos à saúde humana. Falhas no monitoramento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF), Procedimentos Operacionais Padrão (POPs) e do sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (HACCP) por falta de pessoal treinado ou más condições estruturais na indústria do contexto físico são as principais causas da ocorrência de contaminação cruzada. Nesse sentido, diagnosticar riscos e controlar pontos críticos no processo de produção são ferramentas indispensáveis. Dessa forma, o presente artigo de revisão visa destacar as principais formas de contaminação cruzada na indústria de ração animal e os cuidados que devem ser tomados na fábrica para minimizar a contaminação cruzada.(AU)

Los principales agentes físicos, biológicos y químicos involucrados en la contaminación cruzada son de origen conocida, generalmente nociva y tóxica, que terminan haciendo contacto directo o indirecto con los nutrientes utilizados en la fabricación de alimentos para animales. El conocimiento de las causas, las formas diferenciadas de prevención y las acciones correctivas, permiten minimizar las pérdidas en el rendimiento de los animales y, posibles costos extras de producción, por la necesidad de prevenir la propagación de plagas y daños a la salud humana. Fallas en el monitoreo de las Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación (BPF), Procedimientos de Operación Estándar (POE) y del sistema de Análisis de Peligros y Puntos de Control Críticos (HACCP) por falta de personal capacitado, o malas condiciones estructurales en la industria del contexto físico, son las principales causas de la ocurrencia de contaminación cruzada. En ese aspecto, diagnosticar los riesgos y controlar los puntos críticos en el proceso de producción son herramientas indispensables. Así, el presente artículo de revisión pretende evidenciar las principales formas de contaminación cruzada en la industria de alimentación animal y los cuidados que deben ser tomados en la fábrica para minimizar la contaminación cruzada.(AU)

Consumo de nutrientes, comportamento ingestivo e desempenho de ovinos alimentados com fenos de gramíneas tropicais em diferentes intervalos entre cortes / Nutrient intake, feeding behavior and performance of sheep fed hay of tropical grasses at different cutting intervals

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos fenos de andropogon, buffel e massai em diferentes intervalos de cortes sob consumo, comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de ovinos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em fatorial 3x4 (andropogon, buffel e massai x intervalos entre corte de 21, 35, 49 e 63 dias). A interação entre as gramíneas e os intervalos não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Os maiores consumos de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e lignina ocorreram com uso do feno de massai, 3,62; 0,48; 2,03 e 0,22% do peso vivo, respectivamente. Aos 63 dias de intervalo, foram observados os maiores consumos de lignina e os menores de proteína bruta, 0,20 e 0,42%, respectivamente. O menor ganho médio diário (121,1g/dia) e o menor peso final (17,6kg) foram dos animais alimentados com buffel. Não houve diferença para o tempo de alimentação e o ócio, com tempo médio despendido de 4,5 e 11,7h/dia, respectivamente. Os fenos de massai e andropogon promovem maior consumo de matéria seca e maior desempenho de ovinos em confinamento, enquanto o intervalo entre corte até 63 dias não modifica essas respostas.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Andropogon, Buffel and Massai on different intervals cuts of intake, ingestion behavior and sheep performance. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments were arranged in 3x4 factorial (Andropogon, Buffel and Massai x cut intervals of 21, 35, 49 and 63 days). The interaction between the grasses and the intervals was not significant for any of the studied variables. The highest intakes of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and lignin were for Massai hay, 3.62; 0.48; 2.03 and 0.22% of the live weight, respectively. At 63 days interval, the highest consumption of lignin and lowest crude protein, 0.20 and 0.42%, respectively, were observed. The lowest daily gain (121.1g/day) and final weight gain (17,6kg) were of Buffel fed animals. There was no difference in feeding time and time, with mean time removed from 4.5 and 11.7h day-1, respectively. Hays of Massai and Andropogon promote greater dry matter intake and performance of sheep in confinement, while the cut intervals up to 63 days does not modify these responses.(AU)

Jatropha cake (Jatropha curcas): hepatotoxic implications / Torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas): implicações hepatotóxicas

Jatropha has been highlighted as an oleaginous potential for the production of biofuel. The cake, produced by oil extraction, could be used in animal feed. However, some varieties of jatropha are toxic by limiting their incorporation into animal diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of diets added with jatropha cake ­ JC (Jatropha curcas) in rats. Thirty-five (35) male Wistar adults rats (Rattus norvegicus) with initial weight of 352.1 ± 26.8 g were used. The animals were fed for 21 days with the diets: control, 10, 25, 40 and 50% JC. In the feeding with 50% JC the animals presented themselves prostrate and with piloerection. Development and survival decreased, since the inclusion of JC in diets increased. In rats submitted to 10 and 25% JC there was an increase of 17.52% in the hepatosomatic index in relation to the control group. Increase of JC in the rat diet promoted an increase in the activity of ALT and AST enzymes. Anatomic-histopathological evaluation demonstrated that, regardless of the levels tested, JC in rat diet causes hypertrophy of the hepatocytes, with a reduction in energy reserves. This study demonstrated that the use of JC resulted in decreased food intake, associated with weight loss due to the clinical pattern of toxicity, demonstrated by biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver. It was concluded that the inclusion of jatropha cake in rat feeding presents high hepatotoxic potential leading to lesions in the liver parenchyma.(AU)

O pinhão-manso tem se destacado como oleaginosa potencial para a produção de biocombustível. A torta, coproduto da extração do óleo, poderia ser utilizada na alimentação animal. No entanto, algumas variedades de pinhão-manso são tóxicas, limitando sua incorporação em dietas animais. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a hepatotoxicidade de dietas acrescidas de torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) em ratos. Foram utilizados trinta e cinco (35) ratos Wistar (Rattus norvergicus) machos adultos com peso inicial de 352,1 ± 26,8 g. Os animais foram alimentados por 21 dias com as dietas: controle, 10, 25, 40 e 50% TPM. Na alimentação com 50% TPM os animais apresentaram-se prostrados e com piloereção. O desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência apresentaram diminuição conforme o aumento da inclusão de TPM nas dietas. Em ratos submetidos a 10 e 25% TPM houve aumento de 17,52% no índice hepatossomático em relação ao grupo controle. O aumento de TPM na dieta de ratos promoveu aumento da atividade das enzimas ALT e AST. A avaliação anatomo-histopatológica revelou que, independentemente dos níveis testados, a TPM na alimentação de ratos provoca hipertrofia dos hepatócitos, com redução das reservas energéticas. Este estudo demonstrou que a utilização de TPM resultou em diminuição do consumo de alimento associado à perda de peso devido ao quadro clínico de toxicidade demonstrado pelas alterações bioquímica e histopatológica no fígado. Conclui-se que a inclusão de torta de pinhão-manso na alimentação de ratos apresenta alto potencial hepatotóxico levando a lesões no parênquima hepático.(AU)

Selection of cassava varieties for biomass and protein production in semiarid areas from Bahia / Seleção de variedade de mandioca para produção de biomassa e proteína no semiárido baiano

The selection of cassava varieties for cultivation in semiarid regions constitutes an alternative to generate income and for animal feed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for biomass and protein production of seven cassava varieties in semiarid area from Bahia. Eleven agronomic shoot (SH) and root (ROT) traits, as well as crude protein (CP), were evaluated using a randomized block design with four replications in Senhor do Bonfim (BA). Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlations analysis were carried out among the traits. Significant differences were found among varieties for all traits except for dry matter content of the shoots. Important variations were identified for crude protein content (17.9 to 25.13%), root yield (8.17 to 19.79 t.ha-1), yield of the upper third of the aerial part (from 9.36 to 15.89 t.ha-1) and dry matter yield of the shoot (1.99 to 3.14 t.ha-1), crude protein content in the shoot (0.37 to 0.64 t.ha-1) and roots (from 0.12 to 0.37 t.ha-1). According to the PCA the first two components accounted for over 77% of the variation, and traits related to yield were the main sources of diversity among the cassava varieties. Most of the correlations were positive and favorable for the selection of the most suitable varieties for production in semiarid regions. Although, grouping the cassava varieties based on PCA was not possible, varieties 'BRS Verdinha' showed good potential for protein production and variety 'Izabel de Souza' as a producer of biomass (shoot and roots).

A seleção de variedades de mandioca para cultivo nas regiões semiáridas constitui-se uma alternativa para geração de renda e uso na alimentação animal. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de produção de biomassa e proteína de sete variedades de mandioca no semiárido baiano. Foram avaliadas 11 características agronômicas da parte aérea e raiz, bem como teor de proteína bruta (PB), utilizando delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Também foram realizadas a análise de componentes principais e de correlações entre características. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre as variedades para todas as características exceto para teor de matéria seca na parte aérea. Variações importantes foram identificadas para teor de proteína (17,90-25,13%), produtividade de raízes (8,17 a 19,79 t.ha-1), matéria fresca (9,36-15,89 t.ha-1) e seca da parte aérea (1,99-3,14 t.ha-1), proteína na parte aérea (0,37-0,64 t.ha-1) e na raiz (0,12-0,37 t.ha-1). De acordo com a análise de componentes principais os dois primeiros responderam por mais de 77% da variação dos dados, e as características relacionadas à produtividade foram as principais fontes de diversidade entre as variedades de mandioca. A maioria das correlações foram positivas e favoráveis à seleção de variedades mais aptas para produção no semiárido. Embora, não tenha sido possível agrupar as variedades de mandioca com base na análise de componentes principais, foi possível verificar o potencial da variedade BRS Verdinha para produção de proteína e da variedade Izabel de Souza como produtora de biomassa tanto parte aérea quanto raiz.

Avaliação toxicológica da torta de pinhão-manso Jatropha curcas em ratos / Evaluation of toxicity bran Jatropha curcas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas acrescidas de torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) no desempenho e metabolismo de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos, machos albinos (Rattus norvergicus), em fase de crescimento e com peso médio inicial 109,38±6,16g. Os animais foram pesados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos com doze animais, constituindo os tratamentos: controle ­ dieta comercial e dietas contendo 4,281%TPM (torta de pinhão manso). O consumo de alimento, ganho em peso e conversão alimentar dos ratos foi depreciado pela inclusão de farelo de pinhão-manso. Observou-se discreto aumento na atividade das enzimas ALT e AST hepática nos ratos alimentados com dietas acrescidas de TPM. Os valores de hemoglobinas e hematócritos encontravam-se dentro deste intervalo considerados adequados para roedores. Não foram reportados diferenças no equilíbrio eletrolítico e no metabolismo respiratório. Conclui-se que a inclusão de torta de pinhão-manso na alimentação de ratos afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento do crescimento e promove alterações deletérias hepáticas.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets plus pie of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas l.) in performance and metabolism of male Wistar rats. 24 rats were used, albino males (Rattus norvegicus) in growth phase and initial average weight 109.38 ± 6, 16 g. The animals were weighed and randomly divided into two groups with 12 animals, constituting the treatments: control ­ standard diet and diets containing 4, 281TPM. Food consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of rats has been deprecated by the inclusion of Jatropha bran. The liver enzymes ALT and AST in rats fed diets increased Jatropha. The values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were within this range considered adequate for rodents. Not been reported differences in the electrolytic balance and respiratory metabolism. It is concluded that the inclusion of Jatropha pie in the feeding of rats depresses growth and development promotes hepatic deleterious changes.

40K, 226Ra AND 228Ra SERIES IN BOVINE AND POULTRY FEED AND IN DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE (DCP) SAMPLES BY GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY

The aim of this study is to determine the amounts of radionuclides' activity present in samples of feed for young and adult chicken and feed for dairy and beef cattle, as well as in dicalcium phosphate (DCP) (CaHPO4), used as a nutritional supplement for animal feed. Radioactivity in these samples is due to the presence of the 238U and 232Th radioactive series, as well as their daughter. In addition, as it is for environmental samples, the activity of 40K should be an important source of radioactivity in all analyzed samples. Gamma rays were measured using a standard spectroscopy system, with a high-resolution HPGe detector. Measured activities in feed samples ranged from 0.23 to 1.51 Bq.kg-1, 0.67 to 4.21 Bq.kg-1, 0.29 to 1.63 Bq.kg-1 and 236 to 402 Bq.kg-1 for 226Ra, 228 Ra, 228 Th and 40K, respectively. Measured activities in DCP samples were 46.6 Bq.kg-1, 83 Bq.kg-1, 4.20 Bq.kg-1 and 16.61 Bq.kg-1 for 40 K, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 228 Th, respectively. Although 40K activity has reached hundreds of Becquerel in feed samples, it should not represent a risk to human health, not even to animals, since potassium is an essential mineral to living organisms.

Composición química del huevo de Tortuga Golfina Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) y su potencial como recurso alimenticio

Chemical composition of eggs of the Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea (Testudines: Cheloniidae) and it’s potential as a food source. The Olive Ridley is a worldwide distributed species with high nesting production per season, and in La Escobilla Oaxaca, México, there is a 70% of non-hatched eggs that are lost. In order to evaluate their potential use as a source for human and animal food products, their chemical composition was analyzed. Lyophilized egg samples from 25 turtles were obtained and were analyzed following the analytical methods for fatty acids, protein, fat, ash, moisture, amino acids, vitamins, cholesterol and microbiological agents. The analytical composition obtained was (g/100g): moisture (4.7), ash (3.8), protein (53.7), and fat (47.4). The essential amino acid (g aa/100g protein) content was: Ile (4.4), Lys (6.6), Leu (7.4), Met+Cys (8.8), Phe+Tyr (10.8). The vitamin content was: retinol (340μg/100g), cholecalciferol (5.9μg/100g) and 8.6mg/100 tocopherol, 0.3mg/100g thiamine and 1.1mg/100g riboflavin. The total lipid content (TL), fatty acids (FA), and cholesterol (Chol) were divided into three groups based on the weight of the turtle: (TL) (44.3-48.7-49.1g/100g) and (Chol) (518.4-522.5mg/100g-728.7). A total of 17 Saturated FA (SFA), 8 Monounsaturated FA (MUFA) and 11 Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) were identified. The most abundant SFA (mg/100g) were: C14:0 (445-772), C16:0 (485-1263); MUFA: C16:1 (456-716), C18:1n-9c (904-1754), and PUFA: C20:4n-6 (105-217); two n-3 fatty acids were identified EPA (48-103) and DHA (97-189). There were significant differences (Fisher, p<0.05) for: (Chol), total FA, SFA, MUFA, PUFAs and n-3 (EPA + DHA) FA. It was not detected any microbiological agent. In conclusion, lyophilized L. olivacea eggs are an option for its inclusion in the development of food products as they can be used as a high quality biological protein and n-3 fatty acid source for fortification and enrichment. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1729-1742. Epub 2011 December 01.

Por su potencial como fuente alimenticia, se analizó la composición química de huevo de Lepidochelys olivácea en La Escobilla, Oaxaca, México. El Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México proporcionó 250 muestras de huevo liofilizado de 25 tortugas, que se analizaron siguiendo métodos oficiales para humedad, cenizas, proteína, grasa, lípidos totales(LT) y análisis microbiológicos; además de ácidos grasos(AG) por cromatografía de gases, aminoácidos(AA), vitaminas y colesterol(col) por HPLC. Los resultados fueron los siguientes: (g/100g) humedad(4.7), cenizas(3.8), proteína(53.7) y grasa(47.4). AA esenciales (g aa/100g Proteína): Ile (4.4), Lys(6.6), Leu(7.4), Met+Cys (8.8), Phe+Tyr (10.8); retinol (340μg/100g), colecalciferol (5.9 μg/100g), tocoferol (8.6), tiamina (0.3) y riboflavina (1.1) (mg/100g). Y los de (LT), (AG) y (Col) se concentraron en tres grupos por peso de tortuga: (LT) (44.3-48.7-49.1g/100g), (Col) (518.4-522.5-728.7 mg/100g). Entonces se identificaron 17 AGSaturados, 8 AGMonoinsaturados y 11 AGPoliinsaturados. Los AGS más abundantes (mg/100g): C16:0 (485-1263), AGM: C16:1 (456-716), C18:1n-9c (904- 1754) y AGP: C20:4n-6 (105-217), EPA (48-103) y HA (97-189). También, existió diferencia significativa (Fisher, p<0.05) para (Col), AG totales, AGS, AGM, AGP y AG n-3 (EPA+DHA). No se detectó presencia de agentes microbiológicos. El huevo liofilizado de L. olivacea es una opción para el desarrollo de productos alimenticios por su proteína de alto valor biológico y ácidos grasos n-3.

Efectos de la alta temperatura sobre la producción en gallinas ponedoras suplementadas con vitaminas C y E / Effects of high temperature on production in layer chickens supplemented with vitamins C and E

Objetive. To determine the effects of high temperature, the high humidity and the index on production performance in layer chickens supplemented with vitamins C and E. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out from July 14th to August 15th. A total of 720 L33 layer chickens, 39 weeks old, were divided at random into four groups (180 birds/group), by replicates (n=4): Control Group) was fed with a basal diet and treatment groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with either 150 mg of l-ascorbic acid/g of diet (Group Vit. C) or 150 mg of dl-α-tocopherol acetate /kg, of diet (Group Vit. E), and 150 mg of l-ascorbic acid /kg of diet plus 150 mg of dl-α-tocopherol acetate/kg of diet (Group Vit C + E). Results. Egg/bird were higher (p<0.05) in all treatment groups when compared to control group, but p value was highly significant in vitamin E treated group. Likewise, the laying index was different (p<0.05) in all treatment groups when compared to control, and P value was highly significant in vitamin E treated group. Although, viability was not affected by vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin C+E groups when compared to control (p>0.05). However, feed consumption and conversion were different (p<0.05) in treatment groups when compared to control group. Conclusions. Dietary supplementation with 150 mg vitamin C and/or 150 mg vitamin E increased production performance in heat stressed layer chickens.

Capacidad probiótica de cepas del género Lactobacillus extraídas del tracto intestinal de animales de granja / Probiotic Properties of Strains of Lactobacillus Genus Extracted from Intestinal Tract of Farm Animals

Se aislaron y caracterizaron 14 cepas bacterianas del tracto intestinal de diferentes animales de granja con el fin de seleccionar las cepas con potencial probiótico. Las cepas seleccionadas fueron sometidas a pruebas bioquímicas y además se evaluó su capacidad probiótica mediante pruebas de resistencia al ácido y a las sales de bilis, crecimiento a temperaturas extremas y perfil de fermentación de carbohidratos. Los resultados permitieron la selección e identificación de cuatro cepas de Lactobacillus con potencial para ser utilizados como aditivos probióticos en la alimentación animal.

In the present work 14 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized from the intestinal tract of different farm animals, in order to select the strains whit probiotic potential. The selected strains were exerted to biochemical trails and also their probiotic properties were evaluated through acid resistance and bile salt trials, extreme temperature growth and the carbohydrate fermentation profile. The results allowed selection and identification of four lactobacillus strains with potential to be used as probiotic additives in animal feeding.

Ocorrência de aflatoxina B1 em produtos alimentícios e rações animais, consumidos no Estado de Säo Paulo e em várias outras regiões do Brasil no período de 1980 a 1987 / Incidence of aflatoxin B1 in foodstuffs and animal feed, consumed in Säo Paulo and in various areas of Brazil

Aflatoxina B1 foi identificada e quantificada por cromatografia em camada delgada em 666 amostras de produtos alimentícios e 308 amostras de rações animais expostas ao consumo no Estado de São Paulo e em várias outras regiões do Brasil. Foi detectada aflatoxina B1 em 3,39% do total das amostras analisadas, com concentração superior a 30 mg/kg(ppb), que é o limite tolerado pela legislação brasileira. Os resultados foram expressos em tabelas (AU).